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''See also:'' 20th century in poetry, 19th century in literature, 21st century in literature, list of years in literature. Literature of the 20th century refers to world literature produced during the 20th century. The range of years is, for the purpose of this article, literature written from (roughly) 1900 through the 1990s. In terms of the Euro-American tradition, the main periods are captured in the bipartite division, Modernist literature and Postmodern literature, flowering from roughly 1900 to 1940 and 1960 to 1990〔Lewis, Barry. "Postmodernism and Literature." ''The Routledge Companion to Postmodernism'' NY: Routledge, 2002, p. 121.〕 respectively, divided, as a rule of thumb, by World War II. The somewhat malleable term of contemporary literature is usually applied with a post-1960 cutoff point. Although these terms (modern, contemporary and postmodern) are most applicable to Western literary history, the rise of globalization has allowed European literary ideas to spread into non-Western cultures fairly rapidly, so that Asian and African literatures can be included into these divisions with only minor qualifications. And in some ways, such as in Postcolonial literature, writers from non-Western cultures were on the forefront of literary development. Technological advances during the 20th century allowed cheaper production of books, resulting in a significant rise in production of popular literature and trivial literature, comparable to the development in music. The division of "popular literature" and "high literature" in the 20th century is by no means absolute, and various genres such as detectives or science fiction fluctuate between the two. Largely ignored by mainstream literary criticism for the most of the century, these genres developed their own establishments and critical awards; these include the ''Nebula Award'' (since 1965), the ''British Fantasy Award'' (since 1971) or the ''Mythopoeic Awards'' (since 1971). As one can see the intellectuals of the 20th Century discriminates against of so-called genre fiction that is not considered 'real' literature. This distinction, however, is in many cases rather arbitrary. Towards the end of the 20th century, electronic literature developed as a genre due to the development of hypertext and later the world wide web. The Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded annually throughout the century (with the exception of 1914, 1918, 1935 and 1940–1943), the first laureate (1901) being Sully Prudhomme. The New York Times Best Seller list has been published since 1942. The best-selling works of the 20th century are estimated to be ''Quotations from Chairman Mao'' (1966, 900 million copies), ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'' (1997, 120 million copies), ''And Then There Were None'' (1939, 115 million copies) and ''The Lord of the Rings'' (1954/55, 100 million copies). ''The Lord of the Rings'' was also voted "book of the century" in various surveys. ''Perry Rhodan'' (1961 to present) boasts as being the best-selling book series, with an estimated total of 1 billion copies sold. ==1901–18== The ''Fin de siècle'' movement of the ''Belle Époque'' persisted into the 20th century, but was brutally cut short with the outbreak of World War I (an effect depicted e.g. in Thomas Mann's ''The Magic Mountain'', published 1924). The Dada movement of 1916-1920 was at least in part a protest against the bourgeois nationalist and colonialist interests which many Dadaists believed were the root cause of the war; the movement heralded the Surrealism movement of the 1920s. 1900 * ''Lord Jim'' by Joseph Conrad (Poland, England) ''Genre fiction'' * ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' by L. Frank Baum (USA) 1901 * ''Buddenbrooks'' by Thomas Mann (Germany) * ''The Inheritors'' by Joseph Conrad and Ford Madox Ford (England) * ''Kim'' by Rudyard Kipling (India, England) ''Genre fiction * ''The Purple Cloud'' by M. P. Shiel (Montserrat, England) * ''The First Men in the Moon'' by H. G. Wells (England) 1902 * ''Heart of Darkness'' by Joseph Conrad * ''The Immoralist'' by André Gide (France) * ''The Wings of the Dove'' by Henry James (USA, England) * ''The Grand Babylon Hotel'' by Arnold Bennett (England) ''Genre fiction * ''The Hound of the Baskervilles'' by Arthur Conan Doyle (Scotland) * ''Just So Stories'' by Rudyard Kipling ''Plays * ''Man and Superman'' by George Bernard Shaw (Ireland) 1903 * ''Romance'' by Joseph Conrad and Ford Madox Ford * ''The Ambassadors'' by Henry James * ''The Pit'' by Frank Norris (USA) * ''In Wonderland'' by Knut Hamsun (Norway) ''Genre fiction * ''The Call of the Wild'' by Jack London (USA) * ''The Riddle of the Sands'' by Erskine Childers (England, Ireland) 1904 * ''The Golden Bowl'' by Henry James * ''Nostromo'' by Joseph Conrad * ''The Napoleon of Notting Hill'' by G. K. Chesterton (England) ''Genre fiction * ''The Food of the Gods'' by H. G. Wells * ''The Sea-Wolf'' by Jack London * ''Green Mansions'' by William Henry Hudson (Argentina, England) ''Plays * ''John Bull's Other Island'' by George Bernard Shaw 1905 * ''Hadrian the Seventh'' by Frederick Rolfe aka Baron Corvo (England, Italy) * ''Where Angels Fear to Tread'' by E. M. Forster (England) * ''Kipps'' by H. G. Wells * ''The House of Mirth'' by Edith Wharton (USA) * ''The Club of Queer Trades'' by G. K. Chesterton 1906 * ''The Jungle'' by Upton Sinclair (USA) * ''The Confusions of Young Törless'' by Robert Musil (Austria) ''Genre fiction * ''Puck of Pook's Hill'' by Rudyard Kipling * ''Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens'' by J. M. Barrie (Scotland) * ''Time and the Gods'' by Lord Dunsany (Ireland, England) * ''White Fang'' by Jack London ''Plays * ''The Aran Islands'' by John Millington Synge (Ireland) 1907 * ''The Secret Agent'' by Joseph Conrad * ''The Longest Journey'' by E. M. Forster ''Genre fiction * ''The Listener and Other Stories'' by Algernon Blackwood (England) - contains The Willows, one of the first 'cosmic horror' stories * ''The Hill of Dreams'' by Arthur Machen (England) ''Plays * ''The Playboy of the Western World'' by John Millington Synge ''Poetry * ''Cautionary Tales for Children'' by Hilaire Belloc (France, England) 1908 * ''The Man Who Was Thursday'' by G. K. Chesterton * ''A Room with a View'' by E. M. Forster * ''The Iron Heel'' by Jack London * ''Hell'' by Henri Barbusse (France, Russia) * ''The Magician'' by Somerset Maugham (England, France) - based on the author's meeting with Aleister Crowley ''Genre fiction * ''The Wind in the Willows'' by Kenneth Grahame (England) ''Poetry * ''Personae'' by Ezra Pound (USA, England, Italy) - one of the first examples of 'modernist' poetry 1909 * ''Martin Eden'' by Jack London * ''Tono-Bungay'' by H. G. Wells * ''Three Lives'' by Gertrude Stein (USA, France) ''Poetry * ''Exultations'' by Ezra Pound * ''Poems'' by William Carlos Williams (USA) ''Plays * ''The Blue Bird'' by Maurice Maeterlinck (Belgium) 1910 * ''Howards End'' by E. M. Forster * ''The Card'' by Arnold Bennett * ''The History of Mr Polly'' by H. G. Wells 1911 * ''Zuleika Dobson'' by Max Beerbohm (England) * ''In a German Pension'' by Katherine Mansfield (England) - short stories * ''Under Western Eyes'' by Joseph Conrad * ''The White Peacock'' by D. H. Lawrence (England) * ''Jennie Gerhardt'' by Theodore Dreiser (USA) ''Genre fiction * ''Peter and Wendy'' by J. M. Barrie (Scotland) 1912 * ''The Trespasser'' by D. H. Lawrence * ''Death in Venice'' by Thomas Mann (Germany) ''Genre fiction * ''Riders of the Purple Sage'' by Zane Grey (USA) * ''The Lost World'' by Arthur Conan Doyle * ''Tarzan of the Apes'' by Edgar Rice Burroughs (USA) ''Plays * ''Pygmalion'' by George Bernard Shaw 1913 * ''Petersburg'' by Andrei Bely (Russia) * ''Swann's Way'' by Marcel Proust (France) * ''Le Grand Meaulnes'' by Alain-Fournier (France) * ''Sons and Lovers'' by D. H. Lawrence * ''Chance'' by Joseph Conrad ''Genre fiction * ''A Prisoner in Fairyland'' by Algernon Blackwood - adapted into a play, it later became the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical ''Starlight Express'' * ''The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu'' by 'Sax Rohmer' (England) ''Poetry * ''Alcools'' by Guillaume Apollinaire (Poland, France) - dada poems * ''Gitanjali'' by Rabindranath Tagore 1914 * ''Dubliners'' by James Joyce (Ireland, France, Italy) - short stories * ''The Prussian Officer and Other Stories'' by D. H. Lawrence - short stories * ''The Vatican Cellars'' by André Gide * ''Tender Buttons'' by Gertrude Stein * ''The Golem'' by Gustav Meyrink (Czechoslovakia) * ''Maurice'' by E. M. Forster - unpublished * ''Sinister Street'' by Compton Mackenzie (Scotland, Greece) * ''The Flying Inn'' by G. K. Chesterton ''Poetry * ''North of Boston'' by Robert Frost (USA) 1915 * ''The Good Soldier'' by Ford Madox Ford * ''The Rainbow'' by D. H. Lawrence * ''The Metamorphosis'' by Franz Kafka * ''Of Human Bondage'' by Somerset Maugham * ''Victory'' by Joseph Conrad * ''Pointed Roofs'' by Dorothy Richardson * ''The Voyage Out'' by Virginia Woolf (England) * ''Vainglory'' by Ronald Firbank (England) * ''Rashōmon'' by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa ''Genre fiction * ''The Thirty-Nine Steps'' by John Buchan (Scotland, Canada) 1916 * ''A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man'' by James Joyce * ''Women in Love'' by D. H. Lawrence - initially banned, published in 1920 ''Genre fiction * ''Greenmantle'' by John Buchan ''Poetry * ''Salt-Water Poems and Ballads'' by John Masefield (England) * ''Mountain Interval'' by Robert Frost 1917 * ''Under Fire'' by Henri Barbusse (France, Russia) * ''Walpurgis Night'' by Gustav Meyrink * ''Growth of the Soil'' by Knut Hamsun * ''The Shadow Line'' by Joseph Conrad * ''Caprice'' by Ronald Firbank ''Poetry * ''Dulce et Decorum est and Anthem for Doomed Youth'' by Wilfred Owen (England) - published posthumously * ''Prufrock and Other Observations'' by T. S. Eliot (USA, England) 1918 * ''Tarr'' by Wyndham Lewis (Canada, England) * ''Man of Straw'' by Heinrich Mann (Germany) ''Poetry * ''Calligrammes'' by Guillaume Apollinaire - dada poetry ''Non-fiction * ''Eminent Victorians'' by Lytton Strachey (England) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「20th century in literature」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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